Orsanmichele as Puzzling Reality Essay Example for Free

Orsanmichele as Puzzling Reality EssayOrsanmichele is a lead where religion and great art come together. The church was signly build as the grain market and in the long road of its historical development it has became a Florentine church. Orsanmichele expires to one of the most famous buildings in Florence. Florence is one of the most beautiful places in the world, where religion, mystery, art and history came together. Orsanmichele is known to be a gain market that shared a space with the character of the everlasting(a). Orsanmichele served both religious and civic functions and, therefore, the idea that Orsanmichele is place, where religion and art came together, is valuable. A small oratory dedicated to Saint Michael is seen in Orsanmichele. In the middle of the thirteenth century the Florentine government decided to make way for grained market and, in such a way, Orsanmichele emerged in historical context. Protecting the grain vendors from elements, Orsanmichele appeared to belong to great art due to its original brick structure and a number of arcades.In the end of the 13th century the Compagnia Della Madonna di Orsanmichele was formed to sign hymns to the Virgin and, in such a way, Orsanmichele obtained its religious meaning. Orsanmichele is known to depict vividly the markets chaotic conditions during the famine in the 14th century. In the too soon 14th century a great fire damaged Orsanmichele and the image of Virgin was damaged as well.Then a new imaged was installed, but, it goes without saying that initial attitude towards it was distorted as the imaged proved to be inadequate as people believed the image of the Virgin was miraculous. The statuary of Orsanmichele is a relic of pride of Flroentine community and they constantly remind that a great art is a result of competitive climate. Summing up, Orsanmichele is entailed with religious meaning as the image of the Virgin was miraculous and it was the place of great art as a number of great arcades, statues and sculptures are built there.

The country wide changing demographics Essay Example for Free

The country wide changing demographics EssaySince the last decade the trend of ageing in the UK population is increasing, making it pregnant for the researchers and policy makers to investigate and respond to the consequences and demands of the trends. National Statistics says that the UK population has grown by 7 per cent in the past 30 years, increasing from 55. 9 meg people in 1971 to 59. 8 million in mid-2004. (Noorwood, 2005) But growth is not even across all age groups the proportion of those under 16 has fallen from 25 to 19 per cent the proportion of people aged 65 and up has risen from 13 to 16 per cent. And older people ar older of that aged 65-plus, the proportion living to 85 and over has risen from 7 per cent in 1971 to 12 per cent in 2004. (Noorwood, 2005) As put upd by Warnes et al. (2002) the older population is likely to peak at around 16 million in 2040 nationally and then begin a decompress decline. Objectives The companys broad objectives are To increase customers by a policy of communication, public relations, and collaboration To make use of the new technologies which will support the company to promote itself all over United Kingdom.To blend the new concepts of modernisation and design according to need To ensure permanence through i) Premises, implying pertinametropolis ii) Consistent, steady revenue, guaranteeing development and progress. In order to analyse the strategic situation first of all SWOT analysis have been under taken, which are presented as under SWOT Analysis the Bobs Bicycle STRENGTHS Average Collection The collection of the products is more than average for a small level company. presence awareness despite the lack of prim marketing Marketing Department. Enthusiastic staff Good relations with media Web based presence WEAKNESSES Over-reliance on state and local authority programs. Absence of discount schemes. Lack of marketing department marketing efforts No relevant researches regarding Companys competitiv eness Lack of proper space and exposure. Lack of facilities for people with special needs. Absence of on line shop. OPPORTUNITIES.Major national trend of promotion and introduction of cultural activities related to conservation and heritage issues More people moving into area Computer technology for promotion purposes Renovation of existing shop. THREATS Current economic climate. Shop and leisure city centre expanding Results to be achieved in future can be less than projected After performing the SWOT analysis the following objectives are frame important to be considered urgently. In order to formulate the goals it is important to align them according to their importance.Marketing Research The company should try its level best to overreach the primary and secondary data regarding its audiences demand and taste regarding their needs and leisure activities. Because before formulating a marketing plan the opinion of the customers is important to know. The products available at Bobs Bicycle are unique and the company has the cutting edge of product differentiation over their competitors. But this advantage can exactly be used effectively through effective marketing campaign (Kotler, 2000). Appropriate Market Segments The potential segments, which needed to be addressed, are.

Features of Internet Banking

Features of mesh Banking2.0 OverviewBased on previous chapter, this study examines the factor influencing undergraduate schoolchild bridal of lucre banking. In order to gain a cle ber better spirit, it is stiffingful to explore the related literature regarding adoption mesh banking. Section 2.1 entrust discuss about the basic of electronic banking. Section 2.2 understanding about meshwork banking, section 2.3 conception of earnings banking, section 2.4 traditional banking versus net banking, section 2.5 impart discuss the characteristics of net income banking, section 2.6 Technology sufferance Model, section 2.7 in Malaysias profits banking and section 2.8 factor influencing undergraduate adoption of profit banking.2.1 Basic of Electronic BankingThe term of electronic banking is al well-nigh generic in its nature and therefore it is mostly wasting diseased without every further definition or explanation. Electronic banking is not equal to the term of profit banking al though the latter is most widespread type of it. Electronic banking is a construct, which consists of several distribution channels.Electronic banking is a bigger platform than just banking via internet. Although, most general type of electronic banking in our clocks is banking by means of internet or internet banking. Electronic banking this term can defines in many ways. Most simple form is mean the provision of information or service via a bank to its customers by a computing machine, television, telephone, or mobile phone.Electronic banking includes several traditional go identical telephone banking, credit cards, debit cards, ATMs. Burr (1996), for example, describe of an electronic connection between bank and customers in order to manage, prepare and control financial transactions. profit banking also seizes their customer access bank report cards for doing their banking transactions.At an opposite(prenominal) progression level internet banking called transactional onli ne banking, because of it involves the provision of facilities such as transfer of funds, view account balances and transaction, buying financial outputs or service online.Now a day internet is the of the essence(p) channel of electronic banking. Electronic banking is also known as electronic fund transfer (FET) and basically is simple the use of electronic means to transfer fund straightway from one account to another account.In increment, electronic banking is said to have three disparate mean of delivery PC, telephone and the internet. From Daniel (1999) there, he al puddle introduces four types of channels for electronic banking PC banking, internet banking, managed network and also TV-based banking.The most important is to know that internet banking is dissimilar from PC Home banking. The apparent difference is that internet banking is browser-based, whereas PC Home banking requires customers to set up the software program package assigned by the bank on their PC. Furth ermore, PC Home banking allows customers to do their banking work only on PCs that have been installed the assigned software package.Telephone banking, TV-based banking and managed network do not play such role in banking today. However, in the future delivery platform is expected to shift from pumped up(p) internet connection to wireless mobile technologies.2.2 Internet bankingInternet banking defines as banking services such as transfer of fund, loan application, account balance inquiry, stock-still deposit placement and view transaction histories provided by bank via internet.(Pikkarainen, Pikkarainen, Karjaluoto, and Pahnila, 2004, p.224) defines internet banking as an internet portal, through which customers can use different kind of banking services ranging from bill payment to making investment. Now a day, banking services really give many types of service through internet it is also another item for banking industry goes to higher levels.Beside that cash withdrawal, inte rnet banking gives undergraduate customers many types of banking transaction can be done through at the click of mouse only. undergraduate student using mouse to click already can be done several banking transaction compare to traditional banking.To be positive(predicate), use of stark naked alternative channel for distribution of financial services has become a militant necessity instead of just a way to achieve competitive favour with the advent of globalization and fiercer competition. All banks using internet as an additional channel or a bank using only the internet as the delivery channel are now equal footing to offer their banking services on the internet and to complete for customer around the world.Internet banking has the advantage for bank to maintain competition, to save costs, to enhance mass customization, marketing and communication activities, and to maintain and attract consumer.The primary advantage of internet banking is to save clock time and cost. Indicated that internet banking allows the consumer easier access to their bank accounts with lower services changes and also time saving. Moreover, showed that internet banking had a low transaction cost and a high speed up of service when compared to other banking services.2.3 Conception of internet bankingInternet banking is conducting banking transaction via internet, such as fund transfer, account balance inquiry, history transaction, loan application and so forth. In terms of banks ideals are as belowProvided with ICT equipment such as notebooks and internet connection, the user can access anywhere anytime. (e.g. home, hotspots zone, workplace and so forth)It undeniable basic software from PC such as Internet explorer which allows users to sign-in into their e-banking services from the websites. All transactions done through website leave behind store in banker server from internet.Banking services are ready can anytime. Users can print the bank statement or check the transaction hi story or attain the incoming fund anytime.Meanwhile we should alert that the differences among internet banking and PC Home banking. Internet banking is through browser-based, but PC Home Banking needed to install a software package assigned by the bank.2.4 Internet banking versus Traditional bankingMany years ago, when a user wanted to open a bank account, he or she must be presented to bank branches. And, the business transaction, automatic teller machine (ATMs) and customer services also provided by face to face nameation garment which so called traditional banking. Traditional banking offer real life people to people interaction. Fixed schedule, inconvenient locations and limited financial products offer are caused nearly of users drawback from traditional banks.For internet banking, the easiest way to open a saving account or internet checking is by linking to an living account. Business transactions can be carrying out by just a click. Without any verbal communications a nd no long queue at the counter, the users still can manage any accounts by staying at home. Internet banking is more whatchamacallit 24 hours in 7days of banking service and flexibility are the main advantages of internet banking. It can provide the undergraduate students on all banking services convenience anywhere. Thus, internet banking is probably our eudaimonias.2.5 Characteristics of internet bankingInternet banking is in effect(p) for both the provider and the customer. Stated that rationales of banks usage of the internet banking engine room from the bank perspective are mainly to saving cost. Banks use internet banking is because it is the cheapest delivery channel for banking products. This kind of services can save time and notes of the bank with an added benefit of minimizing the likelihood of committing errors by bank tellers. Internet banking offer services to their customers to use at their conveniences. Mostly, undergraduate students are like conveniences, easy and fast, in some manner internet banking usage for undergraduate still not so much. From the figure is show that age 16-24 is lower compare to age 25 onward. While jr. peoples continue to make up the greater part of online users, due to internet banking users greater proportion of sunrise(prenominal) internet banker is age 55.(Karjaluoto et al. 2002, p.261) argued that banking is no longer ricochet to time and geography. Customers over the world have relatively easy access to their account, 24 hours per day and seven days a week. This author argue that, with internet banking services, customers branch banking took too much time and suit are now able to make the transaction using click of their fingers.Competition is yet another important rationale with increasing competitive pressures from existing firms and modern entrants in the market. At the same time, internet banking strategy has been an interesting way to retain existing customers and attract more stark naked customer s. The use of internet banking become an alternative channel has also been allowing banks to target different demographic segment more effectively.(Robinson, 2000) conceive that supply of internet banking services enable bank to establish and go by kin with customers. Benefit for the users are numerous as well and include convenience of the services, lower cost of transaction and more frequent monitoring of accounts among others.The basic characteristics of internet banking areTo help bank perspective to save costs.To save time and money.To minimize the likelihood committing errors.To fulfill undergraduate students convenience.To lower the transaction costs.2.6 Technology Acceptance ModelTechnology Acceptance Model (TAM), are introduced by Davis 1989. destruction of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is determinants of able of defining user behavior across a wide range of end-user computing technologies and computer acceptance. A underlying intent of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) provides a basic of trace the affect of external factor on attitudes and purport.Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) which has been extend and applied to different information technologies and end users. In TAM, Davis proposes that the influence of other variables on technology acceptance in mediated by two individuals opinion perceived ease of use (PEU) and perceived useful (PU). Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), suggest that a prospective users overall feelings or attitudes toward using a given technology based on dust or procedures represent major determinants to use the system.Technology acceptance model (TAM) proposes that attitudes phone intention, and intention predict behavior. Adoption behavior is dictated by the intention to use a particular system and intention is determined by attitude, which in turn is determined by the perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use of the system.Perceived usefulness is be as using a particular system will make better on job performance. Perceived ease of use defined as using a particular system will be unaffectionate of effort. Offer instance of external variable may affect an individuals perceived usefulness.Two computer programs are given, which are equally to use and will bring up better quality or improve users productivity will have a higher affect on an individuals perceived usefulness ,regardless of ease of use equality.2.7 In MalaysiaAll banking services and financial services in Malaysia is regulated by Central Bank Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM). June 2000, internet banking was introduces in Malaysia when Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) allow local banks to offer internet banking service in Malaysia. This facility was extended to foreign owned banks during 2002. Until Jan 2008, there were 23 banks offering internet banking in addition to their traditional services.Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) provided Minimum Guidelines on the Provision of Internet Banking Services by Licensed Banking initiation (MG IB) 2000 after the BCBS recommendations. Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) defines internet banking as product and services offered by licensed institution on the internet through access devices, including personal computer and other intelligent devices.Banking institution are sanctioned entities licensed under the Banking and Financial Institution Act (BAFIA) 1989. The aim for Minimum Guideline on the Provision of Internet Banking Service by Licensed Banking Institution (MGIB) is main purpose is to protect both consumer and the bank themselves from the try associated with such banking.2.8 Factor influence Internet Banking2.8.1 SecurityAccording to the main factors that determining the last of undergraduate students using internet banking is earnest. (ABF, 1997) shows that undergraduate student and banker will keep away from internet banking are certificate concern. More undergraduate students and households will be impulsive to conduct their banking transaction via the internet, unle ss improvement of security.US banks believe that security concern is main barrier for internet banking is concluding by the banks. Main priming for slow growth of internet banking were discover by the security concern, this is conducted by study in Australia.New innovation of the level of the security or risk associated will influence the acceptance and adoption. Where internet banking has been long set up, the main significant factors that will slow down the progress of this new innovation is the main concern for security over the financial transaction via internet. Most of peoples including undergraduate student, they will firstly considered ensure and safe of the internet banking.Initially, as an undergraduate student they will think whether this banking transaction through internet isnt secure enough for doing the transaction. Lack of security and reliability of transaction via internet is the main reason for they moderate to refuse to use the internet banking. Security and privacy issues are concern by individual because they are still reluctant to use.(Sathye 1999), concern about the security and safety of the banking transaction via the internet, Australian consumer are reject to adopt internet banking. Due to also found out that substantial reason that influence internet banking in Malaysia security anxiety. Security failure at a banking institution may cause large losses could generate lack of dominance in banking innovation.Tan and Teo (2000) establish that risk will be the main factor, Ndubisi et.al. (2004) also agree the importance of adequate of security in order to raise the confidence of public to utilize the system.Banks ability is to manage internet-based transaction through undergraduates confidence. Poor security is inadequate to protect customers personal data. Computer privacy and security issues are those undergraduate students concern about. Internet banking service must be more responsive security requirements only can attract more and more undergraduate users.2.8.2 Trust(Mayer, Davis Schoorman, 1995) Trust is defined as a willingness to be susceptible to the action of the others. Define trust as an necessary components in a relationship especially whenever risk and uncertainty exist. Say that when an individual trust a person, will expect in that person will not take advantage of reliance upon him or her.Context of internet banking, trust has been suggested to be the one of the barrier that will hinder individuals from adopt the technology say by. Security issues will indirectly have further influence undergraduate students trust level of internet banking.(Moorman et.al, 1992) Defined trust as a willingness to rely on an transform partner in whom one has confidence and perception of confidence in the exchange partners reliability and integrity say by. These both directly underline in the exchange partners reliability in the conception of trust. Normally undergraduate student do not trust Internet Technolog y for these three reasons, first is security of the system, second is distrust of the provider and third is reliability of internet service.Trust in the internet make up long term internet usage in the adoption decision. Trust will give undergraduate student guarantee safety for using internet banking. Undergraduate student attitude toward internet banking system may be related with trust on judgment on the security and privacy also.One of the important reasons is lack of trust make undergraduate student do not using internet banking, so must improve application security and privacy only can give undergraduate student confidence for using internet banking.Trust is an antecedent of perceived usefulness, also perceived ease of use is an antecedent of trust. Trust has a directly and indirectly effect on behavior intention to use. Determinants of perceived usefulness is trust, particularly in an online environment, part of guarantee that undergraduate student will good sense the expec ted usefulness from the website. Trust will have a positive effect on perceived usefulness, while trust allow undergraduate to attend they gain the expected useful services.2.8.3 solitude protectionDefined privacy as the protection of personal information so it is not reveal to or used by others. Undergraduate regulationly aware of the privacy issues, including whether personal information would be used by the banks or third parties to market new services to them. Privacy has been an important factor in the choice not to use internet banking. Effective privacy protection laws will consider the internet environment will help to build trust and confidence.To improve privacy issues, first banks must provide consumer reassurance and information, ensure consumer information would not disclose to other or third parties. Banks need to improve the application security and privacy and ensure bank information security and privacy. To assist consumer in development secure internet banking p ractice and risk management procedures.2.8.4 officeDefine attitude as person positive and negative feeling about internet banking adoption. mount up will affect the attitude of individual toward internet banking. Attitude toward adoption and use of internet banking might give undergraduate student a positively image assuming security of internet transaction is safety enough. Positive technology attitude enable faster diffusion of internet based services.Attitude build received its first serious attention from Darwin 1872. Darwin defined attitudes as a physical expression of an emotion or motor concept. According to defined attitudes as an individuals positive and negative feeling to perform a target behavior. defined as a persons general feeling of favorableness and unfavorable for that recommends that different dimension of attitudinal belief toward innovation appraise by five perceived attributes. Five attributes are relative advantage, complexity, compatibility, observability, and trialability. At the same time behavior intention to use internet banking is highly related to attitude. Personal banking experiences will affect attitude toward internet banking.Internet to users banking needs to relate to the advantage the mount up to the user of the technology. show that relative advantage is very important factor to influence adoption of new innovation. Commonly, perceived relative advantage is positively connected to the rate of adoption. According to defined complexity as academic degree to which an innovation is measured comparatively is hard to understand, found and use it to negatively affect the adoption of internet.Shows that complexity is view the accurate opposite of ease of use, that have been establish to directly crash the adoption of internet. Stated that, system requires less operational effort and technical skills will more probable to adopt it.Found that an innovation was more possible to be adopting when it was compatible with individuals value system and job responsibilities. Privacy is an important view to performing internet banking and therefore observing individual performing internet banking is not only hard also hard to unacceptable. found out observation and description analysis of undergraduate internet banking users, the problem such as slowness and so forth.Stated that trialability got the potential adopter of new technology, and who will allow to test it, whether will comfortable to be more likely to adopt it. Attitudes combine with these five innovations, these five innovations will directly and indirectly affect undergraduate student to adopt internet banking as well.2.8.5 Perceived ease of useDefined perceived ease of use as degree to which person believes that adopt internet banking would be free of effort. Define ease of use as one of important characteristics from undergraduates perspective for adoption of innovation services. A study has been conducted by a company called Cyber Dialogue has reveale d that as many as 3.1 million USA adult have dis go on their use of internet banking because of they feel the services was too complicated or were dissatisfied with the level of customer services.Propose that it is essential for the internet to be ease of use to increase the adoption rate of internet banking. Function of internet banking ease of use, it will be attract more undergraduate students adopt it.Now a day, undergraduate student really got the potential to help grow the rate of adopt internet banking rate. To help success implementation internet banking, banks must make sure that the service of the system are simple, ease and of sufficiently high quality to confirm undergraduate level satisfaction in order to maintain undergraduate usage.Show that general computer self efficiency considerably influence the perceived ease of use at all the time, while the usability of system will directly influence undergraduate users perception after they have experience with the system2.8. 6 AwarenessExplanation of Awareness can be the acceptance and continued to use the service, product or idea. show that undergraduate go via a series of process in knowledge, decision, conviction and confirmation before they are ready to adopt new service or products. The adoption or rejection of an internet banking start when the undergraduate becomes aware of the internet banking. Consumer must become aware of new service or new product is emphasizing by. Normally when come out one new services or new product consumer will not dare to try or buy it.Lack of awareness is the most common and important factor that negatively influence adoption of internet banking stated by. This is situation we are able to argue that if the undergraduate student not adopting internet banking service due to the unawareness of the availability of such a service. Lack of awareness of internet banking and its benefit, here some recommendation suggest by.To attract more undergraduate student attention to in ternet services through a better marketing, let undergraduate better understand the process. Try to inform the undergraduate student about the features, advantage and the benefit of internet banking, for undergraduate student they normally are more prefer everythings conveniences. Reduce the undergraduate concern about technology and support.Lack of internet awareness is due to the internet banking services are still unaccepted. It is believe that undergraduate are not fully confidence with using internet banking. Greater awareness could show them the benefit and also encourage them to adopt internet banking services provided from banker. Awareness of internet banking services is necessary in the early adoption stages, as internet banking services is consider new in Malaysia.2.8.7 Cost and AccessibilityStated that cost as a characteristics of internet banking. Price or cost is one of the important factors that will affect the undergraduate adoption of innovation. Two types of costs are involved in the internet banking, first is bank charge and cost, second is the normal cost that associated with the internet activities. Before adopting internet banking, undergraduate will concern about the cost, to help in increase the rate of adoption of internet banking. Banks must lower the transaction cost, to help undergraduate student save costs.If want to attract more undergraduate student to use new technologies, then first the technologies must be reasonable priced relative to alternatives. All price charged must be reasonable, with a reasonable price undergraduate just willing to adopt internet banking or else the acceptance of the new technology may not be viable from the point of view of the undergraduate. Being on the internet has allowed banks to cut costs on transaction, by the way banks also can improve their image on the market.Point out that internet banking is very beneficial to undergraduate because of the savings in cots, time and space it offers and also it is quick feedback to all the complaints. It also can build undergraduate identification of internet banking to underline the benefit of internet banking services such as low cost service, conveniences, information availability and time saving. Saving transaction cost can improve customer service, increasing market reach and reducing costs are now basic expectation of internet banking services.Availability of access to computer or internet is a precondition for adoption of internet banking. Show that the more widespread the access to computer or internet then the greater happening of use of internet banking adoption. found that lack of access to computer as one of the reason for slow adoption of internet banking.Show that availability to computer or internet will affect the decision to adopt internet banking. Relationship between the accessibility and internet banking is important and the outcome show that accessibility has a positively relationship with internet banking adopti on intentions.

Nature And Structure Of Mathematics

Nature And Structure Of mathsChapter 2Literature reviewIn this chapter, literature related to maths agency, reflection and task- solving atomic number 18 reviewed. The chapter begins with an penetration to maths and the occurrence of educational changes and concerns in S discoverh Africa. It examines the metacognitive activity reflection and its various facets along with affectional issues in math. Then, differentiating betwixt past and current research, the tenseness go out be on how maths arrogance and reflective thought process relates to the level of achievement and performance in mathematics problem-solving processes. Concluding description get out follow, illustrating the relationship between reflection and mathematics confidence during problem-solving processes. 2.1 Mathematics, its nature and structureMathematics butt end be seen as a combination of calculation attainment and reasoning (Hannula, Maijala Pehkonen, 200417) and can further be classified as an mortals numeral savvy. Mathematics is a process, fixed to a certain person, a topic, an environment or an idea (Hiebert Carpenter, 1992). Mathematics originated as a necessity for societal, expert and cultural growth or leisure (Ebrahim, 20101). This desire led to the advancement of concepts and theories in localize to meet the needs of various cultures throughout prison term. With its imprint in nature, architecture, medicine, telecommunications and knowledge technology, the theatrical role of mathematics has overcome centuries of problems and continues to fulfil the needs of problem- convergent thinkers to solve everyday problems. Although mathematics has changed throughout time, in its progress and influences there argon interwoven connections between the cognitive, connotative and affectional psychological domains. The increasing demand to process and apply information in a South African society, a society characterised by increasing unemployment and immense demands on schools, still awaits recovery and substance from these cognitive and metacognitive challenges (Maree Crafford, 2010 84). From a socio-constructivists perspective, developing, adapting and evolving more difficult systems should be the aim and goal of mathematics education (Lesh Sriraman, 2005). According to Thijsse (200234) mathematics is an emotionally charged subject field, evoking feelings of dislike, fear and failure. Mathematics involves cognitive and affective factors that form part of the epistemological assumptions, regarding numeral recording (Thijsse, 20027 that will be discussed in the following section. 2.1.2 Epistemological assumptions regarding mathematics learningEnglish (2007123-125) lays mastered powerful ideas for developing mathematics towards the 21st century. some of these ideas include 2.1.2.1 A social constructivist view of problem-solving, inventning, monitoring and communication2.1.2.2 Effective and creative reasoning skills2.1.2.3 Analysing and t ransforming building complex data sets2.1.2.4 Applying and understanding school Mathematics and 2.1.2.5 Explaining, manipulating and forecasting complex systems through critical thinking and decision fashioning.With emphasis on the learner, from a constructivist perspective, learning can be viewed as the active process within and influenced by the learner (Yager, 199153). Mathematical learning is therefore an interactive consequence of the encountered information and how the learner processes it, establish on perceivednotions and existing personal knowledge (Yager, 199153). According to DoE (20033) competence in mathematics education is aimed at integrating practical, siteational and reflective skills. While fixture the tropes in learning, mathematics education was turned upside down with the shift being towards instructing, administering and applying metacognitive-activity-based learning in schools as claimed by Yager (199153) and Leaf (200512-18). This change and tame in edu cation and education paradigms is illustrated in Figure 2.1. Early 1900sEarly 1900s1960s 1980s1980s- 2000s1980s 2000sThe overarching approach with impact on education and therapy focal point on metacognitionIn Figure 2.1 Leaf (20054) states that the intelligence quotient (IQ) is one of the greatest paradigm dilemmas. This approach is designed in the early twentieth century by F. Galton and labelled in like manner many learners as either slow or clever. The IQ-tests did assess logical, mathematical and language preference and dominance in learners but leftfield little or no room for other ways of thinking in mental aptitude (Leaf, 20055). In contrast to the IQ-approach is Piagets approach, named after its founder, Jean Piaget, who apposed the IQ-approach. counseling on cognitive development, he suggests timed stages or learning phases in a childs cognitive development as a prerequisite to the learning process. Piaget exclaims that if a stage is overseen, learning will not take place. A third paradigm, the Information processing age, divided problem-solving into three phases input, coded storing and output. Designed in an era where technological advances and computers entered schools and the school curriculum, information processing was seen as comparing the learner with a microchip. Thus, retrieving and storing data and information was seen as a method to practise and learn as being the focus of learning. This learning took place in a hierarchical order, and one phase mustiness be mastered before continuing to a more difficult task. Outcomes Based Education (OBE) was implemented after the 1994 national democratic elections in South Africa. Since 1997 school systems underwent drastic changes from the so called apartheid era. According to the revise National Curriculum Statement (2003) the curriculum is based on development of the learners full potential in a democratic South Africa. Creating lifelong learners are the focus of this paradigm. After unsucces sfully transforming education in South Africa, a need still exists to challenge some of the shortcomings of the above mentioned paradigms. An Overarching approach is an aided paradigm proposed by Leaf (200512). The Overarching approach focuses on learning dynamics or in other words, what makes learning possible. This paradigm utilizes emotions, get under ones skins, backgrounds and cultural aspects in order to expedite learning and problem-solving (Leaf, 200512-15). Above mentioned aspects are also known to associate with performance in mathematics problem-solving (Maree, Prinsloo Claasen, 1997a Leaf, 200512-15). 2.1.3 Some factors associated with performance in mathematicsLarge musical scale international studies, focussing on school mathematics, compare countries in terms of learners cognitive performance over time (TIMSS, 2003 PISA, 2003). A clear distinction must be made between mathematics performance factors in these developed and developing countries (Howie, 2005125). Ho wie (2005123) explored data from the TIMSS-R South African study which revealed a relationship between contextual factors and performance in mathematics. School level factors seem to be far less influential (Howie, 2005 124, Reynolds, 199879). According to Maree et al. (200585), South African learners perform inadequately due to a number of traditional approaches towards mathematics teaching and learning. Maree (1997b95) also classifies problems in study orientation as cognitive factors, external factors, internal and intra-psychological factors, and facilitating subject content. One psychological factor in the Study Orientation in Mathematics questionnaire (SOM) by Maree, Prinsloo and Claasen (1997b) is deliberate as the level of mathematics confidence of coterie 7 to 12 learners in a South African context. Sherman and Wither (2003138) documented a case where a psychological factor, perplexity, causes an impairment of mathematics achievement. A distillation of a study through w ith(p) by Wither (1998) concluded that low mathematics confidence causes underachievement in mathematics. Due to insufficient evidence it could not prove that underachievement results in low mathematics confidence. The study did indicate that a possible third factor (metacognition) could cause both low mathematics confidence and underachievement in mathematics (Sherman Wither, 2003149). Thereupon, factors manifested by the learner are discussed below. Academic underachievement and performance in mathematics is determined by a number of variables as place by Lombard (199951) Maree, Prinsloo and Claasen (1997) and Lesh and Zawojewski (2007). These variables include factors manifested by the learner, environmental factors and factors during the process of argument.2.1.3.1 Some associated factors manifested by the learnerAffective issues revolve around an psyches environment within different systems and how that individual matures and interact within the systems (Lombard, 199951 Be ilock, 2008339). In these systems it appears that learners demand a positive or cast out attitude towards mathematics (Maree, Prinsloo Claasen, 1997a). Beliefs about ones own capabilities and that success cannot be linked to effort and hard extend is seen as affective factors in problem-solving (Dossel, 19936 Thijsse, 200218). Distrust in ones own suspicion, not knowing how to slouch mistakes and the overlook of personal effort is regarded as factors that facilitate mathematics solicitude, manifested by the learner (Thijsse, 200236 Russel, 199915).2.1.3.2 Some associated environmental factorsTimed testing environments such as unwritten exam/testing situations, where answers must be given quickly and verbally are seen as environmental factors that facilitates underachievement in mathematics. Public contexts where the learner has to express mathematical thought in front of an audience or peers may also be seen as an environmental factor limiting performance. 2.1.3.3 Some asso ciated factors during the process of instructionKnowledge about study methods, implementing different strategies and domain specific knowledge is seen as factors that influence performance in mathematics. It seems as though performance is measured according to the learners ability to apply algorithms dictated by a high authority figure such as parents or teachers (Russell, 199515 Thijsse, 200235). Thijsse (200219) agrees with Dossel (19936) and Maree (1997) that the teachers upkeep to the right or wrong dichotomy, stresses the fact that mathematics education can also be associate with performance. A brief discussion on mathematics problem-solving will now follow.2.2 Mathematics problem-solvingA mathematics problem can be defined as a mathematical based task indicating virtual(prenominal) contexts in which the learner creates a model for solving the problem in various circumstances (Chalmers, 20093). Making decisions within these contexts is only one of the elementary concepts of homophile behaviour. In a technology based information age, computation conceptualisation and communication are basic challenges South Africans have to face (Maree, Prinsloo Claasen, 1997 Lesh Zawojewski, 2007). Problem-solving abilities are infallible and should be developed for academic success, even beyond school level. According to Kleitman and Stankov (20032) managing uncertainty in ones understanding is essential in mathematical problem-solving. Lester and Kehle (2003510) fear that mathematical problem-solving is currently getting more complex then in previous years. Therefore problem-solving continues to gain consideration in the policy documents of various organisations, inter nationally (TIMSS, 2003 SACMEQ, 2009 PIRLS, 2009 Moloi Strauss, 2005 NCTM, 1989) and nationally (DoE, 2010 DoE, 2010 3). As Lesh and Zawojewski (2007764) statesThe pendulum of curriculum change again swings back towards an emphasis on problem-solving.Problem-solving is emphasised as a method invo lving inquiry and decision making (Fortunato, Hecht, molecule Alvarez, 199138). Generally two types of mathematical problems exist routine problems and non-routine problems. The use and application of non-routine problems, unseen mathematical processes and principles are part of the scope of mathematics education in South Africa (DoE, 200310). Keeping track of and on the process of information seeking and decision making, mathematics problem-solving is linked to the content and context of the problem situation (Lesh Zawojewski, 2007764). It seems as though concept development and development of problem-solving abilities should be part of mathematics education and beliefs, feelings or other affective factors should be taken into account. In the undermentioned section a discussion will follow regarding past research done on mathematics problem-solving.2.2.1 Some research done on mathematics problem-solving in the pastStudies on learners performance in mathematics and how their beh aviours vary in approaches to perform, was the conduct of research on mathematics problem-solving since the 1930s (Dewey, 1933 Piaget, 1970 Flavell 1976 Schoenfeld, 1992 Lester Kehle, 2003 Lesh Zawojewski , 2007764). Good problem solvers were customaryly compared to poor problem-solvers (Lester Kehle, 2003507) while Schoenfeld (1992) suggested that the former not only knows more mathematics, but also knows mathematics differently (Lesh and Zawojewski, 2007767). The nature and development of mathematics problems are also widely researched (Lesh Zawojewski, 2007768), especially with the focus on how learners seeand approach mathematics and mathematical problems. Polya-style problems involve strategies such as picture drawing, working backwards, looking for a similar problem or identifying necessary information (Lesh Zawojewski, 2007768). Confirming the use of these strategies Zimmerman (19998-10) describe dimensions for academic self-regulation by involving conceptual based ques tioning using a technique called prompting. Examples of these prompts are questions starting with why how what when and where, in order to provide scaffolding for information processing and decision making. 2.2.2 Working store, information processing and mathematics problem-solving of the individual learnerIn the 1970s problems were seen an approach from an initial state towards a goal state (Newell Simon, 1972 in Goldstein, 2008404) involving search and adapt strategies. 2.2.2.1 Working memory board as an aspect of problem-solvingThe working memory is essential for storing information regarding mathematics problems and problem-solving processes (Sheffield Hunt, 20062). Cognitive effects, such as anxiety, disrupt processing in the working memory system and underachievement will follow (Ashcraft Hopko Gute, 1998343 Ashcraft, 20021). These intrusive thoughts, like worrying, overburden the system. The working memory system consists of three components the psychological articulator y loop, visual-spatial sketch pad and a central executive (Ashcraft Hopko Gute, 1998344 Richardson et al, 1996). 2.2.2.2 Problem-solving persona of the mathematics learnerThe learner, either an expert or novice-problem-solver is researched on his/her ideas, strategies, representations or habits in mathematical contexts (Ertmer Newby, 1996). Expert learners are found to be organised individuals who have integrated networks of knowledge in order to succeed in mathematics problem-situations (Lesh Zawojewski, 2007767 Zimmerman, 1994). Clearly learners problem-solving personality affects their achievement. According to Thijsse (200233) learners who trust their intuition and perceive that intuition as insight into a rational mind, rather than emotional and irrational feelings, are more confident. The variety of attributes, such as anxiety and confidence, is included in reflective processes either cogitatively or metacognitatively which will be discussed in the next section. 2.3 Cogniti ve and metacognitive factorsAlthough cognitive and metacognitive processes are compared in literature, Lesh and Zawojewksi (2007778) argues that mathematics concepts and higher order thinking should be studied correspondingly and interactively. Identifying individual trends and behaviour patterns or feelings, could relate to mathematics problem-solving success (Lesh Zawojewksi, 2007778). 2.4.1 Cognition processes during mathematics problem-solvingNewstead (199925) describes the cognitive levels of an individual as being either convergent (knowledge of information) or divergent (explaining, justification and reasoning). 2.3.2 Metacognition2.3.2.1 Components of metacognition2.3.2.2 Past research done on metacognitionThe Polya-style heuristics on problem-solving strategies, mentioned previously, is noted by Lesh and Zawojewski (2007368) as an after-the-fact of past activities process. This review process between interpreting the problem, and the selection of appropriate strategies, th at may or may not have worked in the past, is linked with experiences ( proscribe or positive) which provide a framework for reflective thinking. Reflection is therefore a facet of metacognition.2.3.3 Reflection as a facet of metacognitionReflection, as defined by Glahn, Specht and Koper (200995), is an active reasoning process that confirms experiences in problem-solving and related social interaction. Reflecting can be seen as a transformational process from our experiences and is effected by our way of thinking (Garcia, Sanchez Escudero, 20091).2.3.3.1 Development of reflective thinkingThinking about mathematics problems and reflecting on them is essential for interpreting the given problems provided details about what is needed in order to solve the problem (Lesh Zawojewski, 2007368). Schoenfeld (1992) mentions an examining of special cases for selecting appropriate strategies from a hierarchical description, but Lesh and Zawojewski (2007369) argue that this will involve a too long (prescriptive process) or too short conventional list of prescribed strategies. Lesh and Zawojewski (2007770) rather suggest a descriptive process to reflect on and develop sample experiences. The focus should be on various facets of individual persona and differences, such as prior knowledge and experiences, which differs between individuals. 2.3.3.2 Expansion models for reflective sendAccording to Pletzer et al (1997) applying reflective practice is a powerful and effective way of learning. Three models for reflective practice exist the reflective cycle of Gibbs (1988), Ertmer and Newby (1996), tails-model (2000) for structural reflection and Rolfe et als (2001) framework for reflective practice. The scratch model is that of Gibbs (1988).i Gibbss (1988) model for reflectionGibbs model is mostly applied during reflective writing (Pugalee, 2001). This model for reflection is exercised during problem-solving situations by assessing first and second cognitive levels.A particul ar situation, such as in Figure 2.2, when the learner has to solve a mathematical problem is described by accompanying feelings and emotions that will be remembered and reflected upon. A conscience cognitive decision will then be made determining whether the experience was a positive (good) otherwise negative (bad) emotion, or feeling. By analysing the sense of the experience a conclusion can be made where other options are considered to reflect upon. (Gibbs, 1988 Ertmer Newby, 1996)iiJohns (2000) model for structural and maneuver reflectionThis model provides a framework for analysing and critically reflecting on a general problem or experience. The Johns-model (2000) provides scaffolding or guidance for more complex problems found on cognitive levels three and four.Reflect on and identify factors that influence your actionsFigure 2.3Johns model for reflective practice generatorAdapted from John (2000)The model in Figure 2.3 is divided into two phases. Phase 1 refers to the recal l of past memories and skills from previous experiences, where the learner identifies goals and achievements by reflecting into their past. This could be easily done using a video recording of a situation where the learner solves a problem. It is in this phase where they take note of their emotions and what strategies were used or not. On the other hand, phase 2 describes the feelings, emotions and surrounding thoughts accompanying their memories. A deeper clarification is given when the learner has to motivate why certain steps were left out or why some strategies were used and others not. They have to explain how they felt and the reason for the identified emotions. At the end the learner should reflect between the in and out components to identify any factor(s) that could have effected their emotions or thoughts in any way. A third model is proposed by Rolfe et al (2001), known as a framework for reflexive practice.iiiRolfe et als model for reflexive practice.According to Rolfe e t al (2001) the questions what? and so what? or now what?, can stimulate reflective thinking. The use of this model is simply descriptive of the cognitive levels and can be seen as a combination of Gibbs (1988) and Johns (2000) model. The learner reflects on a mathematics problem in order to describe it. Then in the second phase, the learner constructs a personal theory and knowledge about the problem in order to learn from it. Finally, the learner reflects on the problem and considers different approaches or strategies in order to understand or make sense of the problem situation. Table 2.1 demonstrates this model of Rolfe et al (2001) in accordance with the models of Gibbs (1988) and Johns (2000) as adapted by the researcher. It shows the movement of thought actions and emotions between different stages of reflection (before, during and after) in problem-solving.Table 2.1Integration of reflective stages and the models for reflective practiceStage 1Reflection before actionStage 2Re flection during actionStage 3Reflection after actiondescriptive level of reflection (planning and describing phase)Theory and knowledge building of reflection (decision making phase)Action orientated level (reflecting on implemented strategy-action)Identify the level of barrier of the problem and possible reasons for feeling, or not feeling, stuck, bad or unable to go to the next step. Pay attention to thought and emotions and identify them.Describe negative attitude towards mathematics problems, if anyObserve and notice expectations of self and others like parents, teachers or peersEvaluate the positive and negative experiencesAnalyse and understand the problem and plan the next step, approach or strategyPerform the planned actionAwareness of ethics, beliefs, personal traits or motivations Recall strategies that worked in the past. Reflect on the solution, reactions and attitudesSourceAdapted from Johns (2000), Gibbs (1988) and Rolfe et al (2001)2.3.3.3 The reflection processWhile some research claims, seeing and doing mathematics as useful in the interpretation and decision making of problem-solving processes (Lesh Zawojewski, 2007), a more affective approach would involve feelings or the feelings about mathematics(Sheffield Hunt, 2006), in other words, affective factors.2.4 Affective factors in mathematicsRapidly ever-changing states of feelings, moderately stable tendencies, internal representations and deeply valued preferences are all categories of affect in mathematics (Schlogmann, 20031).Reactions to mathematics are influenced by emotional components of affect. Some of these components include negative reactions to mathematics, such as stress, nervousness, negative attitude, unconstructive study-orientation, worry, and a lack of confidence (Wigfield Meece, 1988 Maree, Prinsloo Claasen, 1997). Learners self-concept is strongly connected to their self-belief and their success in solving mathematics problems is conceptualised as important (Hannula, M aijala Pehkonen, 200417). A study done by Ma and Kishor (1997) confirmed belief, as an affect on mathematics achievement, being weakly check with achievement among children from grade 2 to 8. However, Hannula, Maijala and Pehkonen (2004) conducted a study on learners in grade 7 to 12 and concluded that there is a strong correlation between their belief and achievement in mathematics. Beliefs and are related to non-cognitive factors and involve feelings. According to Lesh and Zawojewski (2007775) the self-regulatory process is critically affected by beliefs, attitudes, confidence and other affective factors. 2.4.1Beliefs as an affective factor in mathematicsBelief, in a mathematics learner, form part of constructivism and can be defined as an individuals understanding of his/her own feelings and personal concepts formed when the learner engages in mathematical problem-solving (Hannula, Maijala Pehkonen, 20043). It plays an important role in attitudes and emotions due to its cogni tive nature and, according to Goldin (20015), learners attribute a kind of truth to their beliefs as it is formed by a series of background experiences involving perception, thinking and actions (Furinghetti Pehkonen, 20008) developed over a long period of time (Mcleod,1992578-579). Beliefs about mathematics can be seen as a mathematics world view (Schlogmann, 20032) and can be divided into four major categories (Hannula, Maijala Pehkonen, 200417) beliefs on mathematics (e.g. there can only be one correct answer), beliefs about oneself as a mathematics learner or problem solver (e.g. mathematics is not for everyone), beliefs on teaching mathematics (e.g. mathematics taught in schools has little or nothing to do with the real world) and beliefs on learning mathematics (e.g. mathematics is solitary and must be done in isolation) (Hannula, Maijala Pehkonen, 200417). Faulty beliefs about problem-solving allow fewer and fewer learners to take mathematics courses or to revert grade 12 with the necessary requirements for university entrance. Beliefs are known to work against change or act as a consequence of change and also have a predicting nature (Furinghetti Pehkonen, 20008). Affective issues, such as beliefs, generally form part of the cognitive domain, anxiety (Wigfield Meece, 1988), which will be dealt with in the next section. 2.4.2 worryAnxiety, an aspect of neuroticism, is often linked with personality traits such as conscientiousness and agreeableness (Morony, 20102). This negative emotion manifests in faulty beliefs that causes anxious thoughts and feelings about mathematics problem-solving (Ashcraft Hopko Gute, 1998344 Thijsse, 200217). Distinction can be made between the different types of anxieties as experienced by learners across all age groups. Some of these anxieties include general anxiety, test or evaluation anxiety, problem-solving anxiety and mathematics anxiety. The widespread phenomenon, mathematics anxiety, threatens performance of le arners in mathematics and interferes with conceptual thinking, memory processing and reasoning (Newstead, 19992). 2.4.2.1 Mathematics anxietyThe pioneers of mathematics anxiety research, Richardson and Suinn (1972), defined mathematics anxiety in terms of the affect on performance in mathematics problem-solving as Feelings of tensity and anxiety that interfere with the manipulation of numbers and the solving of mathematical problems in a wide variety of ordinary life and academic situations This anxious and dodging-behaviour towards mathematics has far reaching consequences as stressed by a number of researchers (Maree, Prinsloo Claasen, 1997 Newstead, 1999 Sheffield Hunt, 2006 Morony, 2009). Described as a chain reaction, mathematics anxiety consists of stressors, perceptions of threat, emotional responses, cognitive assessments and dealing with these reactions. A number of researchers expand the concept of mathematics anxiety to include facilitative and debilitative anxiety ( Newstead, 19982). It appears that Ashcraft Hopko Gute (1998343) and Richardson et al (1996) see mathematics anxiety in the same locale as the working memory system. Both areas consist of psychological, cognitive and behavioural components. Although they agree on the same components, Eysenck and Calvo (1999) states that it is not the experience of worry that diverts attention or interrupts the working memory process, but rather ineffective efforts to divert attention away from worrying and instead focus on the task at hand.2.4.2.2 Symptoms for identifying mathematics anxietyMathematics anxiety is symptomatically described as low (feelings of loss, failure and nervousness) or high (positive and motivated attitude) confidence in Mathematics (Maree, Prinsloo Claasen, 1997a7). Dossel (19936) and Thijsse (200218) states that these negative feelings are associated with a lack of control when uncertainty and helplessness is experienced when facing danger. Unable to think rationally, avoida nce and the inability to perform adequately causes anxiety and negative self-beliefs Mitchell, 198733 Thijsse, 200217). Anxious children show signs of nervousness when a teacher comes near. They will stop cover their work with their arm, hand or book, in an approach to hide their work (May, 1977205 Maree, Prinsloo Claasen, 1997 Newstead, 1998 Thijsse, 200216). Panicking, anxious behaviour and worry manifests in the form of nail biting, crossing out correct answers, habitual excuse from the classroom and difficulty of verbally expressing oneself (Maree, Prinsloo Claasen, 1997a). Mar

Psychotic Manifestations as Initial Presentation of Glioma

Psychotic Manifestations as Initial Presentation of GliomaPsychotic manifestations as an sign presentation in a Glioma patient Two Case Reports Review of LiteratureAbstractPsychotic manifestation as an initial presentation of chief neoplasm is a r are manifestation of the primary disease. A 32 eld old male patient presented with auditory and visual hallucinations, delusion of persecutionand big(p) agitation. The patient was initially suspected as a eccentric person of acute psychosis however on imaging work up, large central space occupying lesion (SOL) in brain was detected. Following surgical removal of the brain tumor, psychotic manifestations disappeared. The pathology revealed high grade Glioma. Similar presentation was observed in a 28 eld female who first visited psychiatry department. Imaging revealed SOL in left field parietal lobe. Neuro psychiatrical manifestations in these patients have great bearing on the tone of voice of life which has now become a major concer n in the management of the brain tumors.IntroductionPsychotic manifestations are usually not seen in primary brain tumor patients. The patient usually presents with headache, vertigo, projectile vomiting, focal neurological deficits, and seizures. Anxiety, depression, mania, psychosis, cognitive or personality changes may be present as psychotic manifestations. Patients presenting with psychosis not responding to antipsychotic treatment or having focal neurological deficits and papilloedema should be examined thoroughly to rule out space occupying lesion in brain. The main accusatory of this article is to highlight this type of patients who female genital organ be helped if properly diagnosed.Case Report 1A 32 stratum old male was admitted with 3-month chronicle of auditory and visual hallucinations, delusion of persecution, and loss of recent or hostile memories. During the same period patient had also become irritable and with no clouding of consciousness. He complained of headache and vertigo occasionally. Patient having no prior history of psychosis or any narcotic or drugs abuse, or any other medical complaints. Patient received antipsychotic drug for remainder three days with no response. MRI brain showed moderate hydrocephalus related to foramen of Monero parapet with mild transependymal CSF seepage. Edema is also seen in the deep right frontlet lobe along the ventricular margin. There is compression of the adjacent brain parenchyma. These MRI findings are compatible with central glioma attached to septum pellucidum within the right lateral ventricle, showing extension across the midline with a tomoral component in the body of left lateral ventricle. He had bilateral papillo oedema with out focal neurological deficits. On examination, the patient was disoriented to time and place, had poor attention, poor comprehension, recent and remote memory loss. He underwent a craniotomy and resection of tumor. There was resolution of all his psychotic sym ptoms soon aft(prenominal) the operation.Case Report 2A 28 years old woman visited to psychiatry department for the complaints of headache, vertigo for last seven months. From last 10 days she complaints of heard sounds that someone whispering in her ears. Since last 3 days she having violent out brust with visual hallucination and develop seizures. She was given benzodiazepine with phenytoin. Response to treatment was poor. MRI brain reveled large SOL in left parietal region, findings are compatible with glioma. After removal of tumor all symptoms subside.DiscussionBrain tumours are commonly associated with neurological deficits but rarely psychiatric manifestations may be seen. The cause underlying most patients presenting in this manner are functional causes such as manic-depressive psychosis, schizophrenia and nucleus or drugs abuse of various types. The degree to which organic causes are responsible for psychiatric manifestations is difficult to determine hence accurate dia gnosis in these cases can be a diagnostic challenge. Attempts have been made to categorize brain tumors in accordance with the location of the tumor in the brain . Filley and Kelinschmidt-De Mastersreported that tumors in frontal lobe usually cause abulia, depression or personality change and tumors in the temporolimbic areas, mania, panic attacks, amnesia or auditory and visual hallucinations. 1 Uribedescribe association with schizophrenia-like psychoses to left hemispheric malfunction and affective disorders to right hemispheric malfunction. In areas, such as the intraventricular occipital lobe, corpus callosum only transitory symptoms are produced without localizing signs and tumors can acquire considerably. 2 Binderdescribed a series of three cases of patients with no or minimal neurologic signs or symptoms with brain tumors, they all had tumors in silent areas of the brain. 3 Burns and Swerdlowdescribed a case presented with alterations in sexual behavior, poor impulse control , and sociopathy in an orbitofrontal tumor. 4 In some cases, symptoms can respond to antipsychotic treatments, further complicating the diagnosis. Detailed history, brain imaging, information from substantiating sources become essential, when brain tumors develop in patients with established psychiatric disorders as psychiatric patients are known to have difficulties in reporting and describing their own symptoms. 5cognitive decline occurring during the course of brain tumour progression was reported by Taphoorn et al in his study, main objective of clinical management of brain tumor is to remove the tumor, restore neurologic functions and treatment of psychiatric symptoms. 6 Treatment modalities like surgery/ radiotherapy/ chemotherapy have good result if tumor size is small. A 9 year-old boy on MRI having tumour in the anterior third ventricle associated hydrocephalus and papilledema is presented with psychosis as the initial presentation. 7 Patient remained free of symptoms afte r resection of the tumor at one-year follow-up. Even more intriguing has been the reported association of posterior fossa structural abnormalities with neuropsychiatric symptoms . It is hypothesized that in these cases disruption of the cerebellar output to mesiodopaminergic areas, locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei or deafferentation of the thalamolimbic circuits by cerebellar lesions may lead to these behavioural and psychiatric changes. A 55-year-old woman with a six year history of uncontrollable complex partial seizures and severe delusions is reported to have improved following removal of a right frontal lobe mixed oligoastrocytoma or dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour. 8 The anatomic site which control human behavior and emotions are believed to be the circuits of limbic system which interact with the ultra ganglia and disturbances in these systems are primarly responsible for manifestations of psychiatric symptoms. 9, 10 In patients hospitalized for psychotic affective d isorder abnormalities have been found in left subgenual cingulate. Schizophrenic disorder was observed in patients suffering from agenesis of septum pellucidum . Y et another study has demonstrated lateral and third ventricular enlargement as well as preferential ab circuits of the limbic system and the interactions with the basal ganglia normalities of medial temporal lobe structures including the amygdala, hippocampus, and the parahippocampal gyrus and neocortical temporal lobe regions in patients with schizophrenia. The positive correlation between structural brain abnormalities and mental illness has been borne out by several studies. These include ventriculomegaly and smaller temporal lobes, frontalparietal and superior temporal gyrus grey matter. Hippocampal volume reduction has been reported in schizophrenia as well as volume reduction in the parahippocampal and fusiform gyri on the left side in another study on schizophrenics.1.Filley C M, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK. Neurobeh avioral presentations of brain neoplasms. West J Med.199516319-25.2. Uribe VM. Psychiatric symptoms and brain tumor. Am Fam Physician. 19863495-98.3.Filley C M, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK. Neurobehavioral presentations of brain neoplasms. West J Med.199516319-25.4.Binder RL. Neurologically silent brain tumors in psychiatric hospital admissions three cases and areview. J Clin psychological medicine. 19834494-97.5. Madhusoodanan S, Danan D, Brenner R, Bogunovic O. Brain tumor and psychiatric manifestations acase report and brief review. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 200416111-113.6. Taphoorn MJ, Schiphorst AK, Snoek FJ, et al. Cognitive functions and eccentric of life inpatients with low-grade gliomas the impact of radiotherapy. Ann Neurol 1994 36 48-54.7. Carson BS, Weingart JD, Guarnieri M, Fisher PG. Third ventricular choroids plexus papilloma with psychosis. Case report. J Neurosurg 1997 Jul 87(1) 103-8.8. Sato T, Takeichi M, Abe M, Tabuchi K, Hara T. Frontal lobe tumour associated with l ate-onset seizure and psychosis acase report. Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol 1993 Sept 47(3)541-4.9. Feldman RP, Alterman RL, Goodrich JT. Contemporary psychosurgery and a look to the future. J Neurosurg 2001 95 944-956.10. MacLean PD. The limbic system (visceral brain) and emotional behaviour. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1955 73 130-134.

Analysis of Shelleys Ode To the West Wind :: Ode to the West Wind Essays

Analysis of Shelleys Ode To the due west Wind         In Ode to the West Wind, Percy Bysshe Shelley tries to gaintranscendence, for he shows that his thoughts, handle the winged seeds (7) aretrapped.  The West Wind acts as a driving force for change and rejuvenation inthe human and natural world.  Shelley views winter non just as last phase ofvegetation but as the last phase of life in the individual, the imagination,civilization and religion.  Being set in Autumn, Shelley observes the changingof the weather and its effects on the internal and external environment.  Byexamining this poem, the reader will see that Shelley can only reach hissublime by having the wind carry his dead thoughts (63) which through anapocalyptic destruction, will lead to a rejuvenation of the imagination, theindividual and the natural world.         Shelley begins his poem by addressing the Wild West Wind (1).  Hequickly introduces the theme of death and compares the dead leaves to ghosts(3).  The imagery of Pestilence-stricken multitudes makes the reader awarethat Shelley is addressing more than a pile of leaves. His claustrophobic moodbecomes apparent(a) when he talks of the wintry bed (6) and The winged seeds,where they lie cold and low/ Each like a corpse within its grave, until/ Thineazure babe of the Spring shall blow (7-9).  In the first line, Shelley usethe phrase winged seeds which presents images of flying and freedom.  Theonly problem is that they lay cold and low or unnourished or  not elevated.He likens this with a feeling of being trapped.  The important word is seedsfor it shows that even in death, new life will grow push through of the grave.  Thephrase winged seeds also brings images of religions, angels, and/or soulsthat continue to create new life.  Heavenly images are confirmed by his use ofthe word azure which overly meaning sky blue, also is defi ned, in WebstersDictionary, as an unclouded vault of heaven.  The word azure, coupled withthe word Spring, helps show Shelleys view of rejuvenation.  The wordSpring anyways being a literary metaphor for rebirth also means to rise up. Inline 9, Shelley uses soft sounding phrases to communicate the blowing of thewind. This tercet acts as an introduction and a foreshadow of what is to comelater.         Shelley goes on to talk of the wind as a Destroyer and Preserver whichbrings to mind religious overtones of different cultures much(prenominal) as Hinduism andNative Indian beliefs.  The poem now sees a shift of the clouds which warns of

A Web Site to Promote a Chinese Restaurant :: Internet Computers Essays

A Web Site to Promote a Chinese RestaurantWhether it is a full-size buffet eating house in the busiest section of town or an intimate bistro by the lake, restaurateurs hope that their businesses will attract and hold a solid base of repeat customers. umteen eating houses do in fact thrive while otherwises find themselves struggling to keep their doors open a year after their debut. How to fix a made eating place is always a tricky proposition for a business owner. Yes, there are ways for him to increase the chances of success. One way is to get the restaurant on the web. This essay will discuss how to create a web site to promote a Chinese restaurant named Pagoda. The web site for Pagoda restaurant has to be attractive, informative, and professional in order to increase the restaurant local exposure, and expand the market to tourists and traveling business people.The web site has 6 distinct foliates that introduce various information about the restaurant. They are Home, Ab out Us, Location, Menu, Special Occasions, and Contact Us. These six pages have the same set-up they all have the logo of the restaurant on top of the page, then comes 6 links appearing right beneath the logo name. The contents of each page are different from other pages because they introduce to viewers specific aspects of the restaurant. Viewers can go back and forth between the pages by clicking on the links they dont have to go back to the home page to navigate to the next. This helps viewers to save time and energy. Its also convenient. The main page or Home page of the web site has become a backbone for the information found on the restaurants site. It is significant because it is the first place people get down the web site. If people are attracted by the main page, they feel anxious to go further to other links of the site. If the main page is plain (dull), non-professional, and untempting then people will not waste their time to look for more information. On this main page , I put the image of the restaurant at the center of the page, right after the restaurant logo. The reason why I did this is because it gives a first impression to viewers. As the name Pagoda restaurant, the building has a form of a pagoda architecture, which stands out from other buildings in the area.